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可负担性指数(Affordability Index)

Also known as住房可负担性指数NAHB指数
Published Sep 22, 2024Updated Mar 22, 2026

What Is 可负担性指数(Affordability Index)?

可负担性指数 = 中位家庭收入 / 贷款购买中位房价住房所需的收入。指数100 = 中位家庭刚好能负担中位房价。指数80 = 还需要多25%的收入。指数120 = 收入比所需高出20%。2024年Denver的指数是72——中位收入买不起中位房价的房子。Indianapolis是115。投资人可以用它来做市场研究:低可负担性的市场往往意味着更强的租赁需求——买不起房的人只能租房。

可负担性指数(Affordability Index)衡量一个地区的中位家庭收入能否负担当地中位房价的住房——指数高于100表示买得起,低于100表示买不起。

At a Glance

  • 核心概念: 中位收入能否负担中位房价?
  • 重要性: 市场健康度指标;租赁需求信号
  • 指数100: 平衡点
  • 高于100: 可负担
  • 低于100: 不可负担
Formula

Affordability Index = Median Household Income ÷ Income Needed to Qualify

How It Works

计算公式。 可负担性指数 = 中位家庭收入 / 贷款资格收入。贷款资格收入 = 按当前利率对中位房价贷款,在标准住房支出比率(如28%)下所需的年收入。

计算示例。 中位房价 $400,000。7%利率、20%首付,PITI 约 $2,400/月。按28%住房支出比率,贷款资格收入 = $2,400 / 0.28 = $8,571/月 = $102,857/年。中位家庭收入 $85,000。指数 = $85,000 / $102,857 = 0.83 = 83。市场不可负担——普通买家还需要20%的额外收入。

NAHB版本。 全美住宅建筑商协会(NAHB)发布住房机会指数(HOI)——概念类似。高于50 = 超过一半已售住房对中位收入家庭可负担。低于50 = 不到一半。

对投资人的意义。 低可负担性往往意味着强租赁需求——买不起房的人只能租房。高可负担性可能意味着更多自住买家竞争。将它作为市场研究的一个输入指标,而非唯一决策依据。

Real-World Example

王先生(Wang)在比较Memphis和Austin作为租赁房产投资市场。Memphis:中位房价 $245,000,中位家庭收入 $52,000。按7%利率贷款$245,000所需收入约$58,000。指数:$52,000 / $58,000 = 90。稍有压力。Austin:中位房价 $550,000,中位家庭收入 $78,000。所需收入约$130,000。指数:60。Austin的可负担性远低于Memphis。王先生预期Austin的租赁需求更强(买不起房的人更多),但更高的房价租金比现金流更难实现。他选择了Memphis——更好的现金流,合理的可负担性指数。

Pros & Cons

Advantages
  • 简单直观的市场健康度指标
  • 数据广泛发布,获取方便
  • 可跨市场横向比较
Drawbacks
  • 基于中位数,无法反映收入分布细节
  • 使用中位家庭收入——可能与租户群体特征不匹配
  • 利率敏感——随贷款利率波动

Watch Out

  • 利率敏感性: 利率从6%升到8%时,指数100的市场可能降到80
  • 人口普查数据滞后: 中位家庭收入数据可能滞后1-2年。尽量使用最新人口普查数据
  • 作为一个输入指标: 需结合房价租金比就业市场人口增长综合判断

Ask an Investor

The Takeaway

可负担性指数衡量普通家庭能否买得起普通住房。高于100 = 可负担。低于100 = 不可负担。用它来辅助市场研究。低可负担性往往意味着强租赁需求。

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